6. Dukkhavaggo

1. Pariv²ma½sanasuttavaººan±

51. Upaparikkham±noti pavattipavattihetu½, nivattinivattihetuñca paritulento. Kuto panetanti? “Samm± dukkhakkhay±”ti vacanato. Na hi sabbadukkhapariv²ma½sa½ vin± samm± dukkhakkhayo sambhavati. Kasm±ti-±din± jar±maraºasseva gahaºe k±raºa½ pucchati. J±ti-±d²nampi pavatti dukkhabh±vin²ti adhipp±yo. Yasm± jar±maraºe gahite sati j±tipi gahit± hoti, tass± abh±ve jar±maraºasseva abh±vato. Esa nayo bhav±d²supi. Eva½ y±va j±tidhammo jar±maraºe gahite gahitova hoti, jar±maraºapadesena tabbik±ravanto sabbe tebh³mak± saªkh±r± gahit±ti evampi jar±maraºaggahaºena sabbampi vaµµadukkha½ gahitameva hoti. Ten±ha “tasmi½ gahite sabbadukkhassa gahitatt±”ti. Anekavidhanti bahuvidha½ bahukoµµh±sa½. “Anekan”ti v± p±µho Anekanti bahulavacana½. Vidhanti khaº¹iccap±licc±divasena vipar²takoµµh±sa½. N±nappak±rakanti tato eva n±nappak±ra½. Nhatv± µhita½ purisa½ viy±ti b±l±na½ attabh±vassa subh±k±rena upaµµh±na½ sandh±y±ha.

“S±ruppabh±ven±”ti vutta½, ki½ sabbath± s±ruppabh±ven±ti ±ha “nikkilesat±ya parisuddhat±y±”ti. Na hi tasses± asaªkhatat±dibh±vena sadis±. Paµipannoti paµimukho abhisaªkh±ramukho hutv± panno adhigato. Anugatanti anucchavikabh±vena gata½, yath± ca nibb±nassa adhigamo hoti, eva½ tadanur³pabh±vena gata½. Ettha ca p±¼iya½ “paj±n±t²”ti pubbabh±gavasena paj±nan± vutt±, “tath± paµipanno ca hot²”ti niyatavasena. “Aparabh±gavasen±”ti apare. Keci pana “yath± paµipannassa jar±maraºa½ nirujjhati, tath± paµipanno”ti vadanti. Padav²ma½san± pubbabh±gavasena veditabb±, na maggakkhaºavasena. Saªkh±ranirodh±y±ti ettha nayida½ avijj±paccayasaªkh±raggahaºa½, atha kho saªkhatasaªkh±raggahaºanti ±ha “saªkh±radukkhassa nirodhatth±y±”ti. Ten±ha “ett±vat± y±va arahatt± desan± kathit±”ti.

“Paccatta½yeva parinibb±yat²”ti-±din± arahattaphalapaccavekkhaºa½, “so sukhañca vedana½ vedayat²”ti-±din± satatavih±rañca dassetv± desan± sabbath±va vaµµadesan±to nivattetabb± siy±. Avijj±gatoti ettha iti-saddo ±di-attho, tena evam±dika½ ida½ vaµµavivaµµakathana½ puna gaºh±ti. Puggalasaddo itar±sa½ dvinna½ pakat²na½ v±cakoti tato visesetv± gahaºe paµhamapakatimeva dassento “purisapuggalo”ti avoc±ti ±ha “purisoyeva puggalo”ti. Ubhayen±ti purisapuggalaggahaºena. Sammutiy± avijjam±n±ya kath± desan± sammutikath±. Paramatthassa kath± desan± paramatthakath±. Tatth±ti sammutiparamatthakath±su, na sammutiparamatthesu. Ten±ha “eva½ pavatt± sammutikath± n±m±”ti-±di. Tatrida½ sammutiparamatth±na½ lakkhaºa½– yasmi½ bhinne buddhiy± v± avayavavinibbhoge kate na ta½samaññ±, s± ghaµapaµ±dippabhed± sammuti, tabbipariy±yato paramattho. Na hi kakkha¼aphusan±disabh±ve aya½ nayo labbhati. Tattha r³p±didhamma½ sam³hasant±navasena pavattam±na½ up±d±ya “satto”ti-±di voh±roti ±ha “satto naro…pe… sammutikath± n±m±”ti Yasm± r³p±dayo paramatthadhamm± “khandh± dh±tuyo”ti-±din± vuccanti, na voh±ramatta½, tasm± “khandh±…pe… paramatthakath± n±m±”ti vutta½. Nanu khandhakath±pi sammutikath±va, sammuti hi saªketo khandhaµµho r±saµµho v± koµµh±saµµho v±ti? Saccameta½, aya½ pana khandhasamaññ± phass±d²su tajj±paññatti viya paramatthasannissay± tassa ±sannatar± puggalasamaññ±dayo viya na d³reti paramatthasaªgahat± vutt±. Khandhas²sena v± tadup±d±n± sabh±vadhamm± eva gahit±. Nanu ca sabbepi sabh±vadhamm± sammutimukheneva desana½ ±rohanti, na sammukhen±ti sabb±pi desan± sammutidesan±va siy±ti? Nayidameva½ desetabbadhammavibh±gena desan±vibh±gassa adhippetatt±, na ca saddo kenaci pavattinimittena vin± attha½ pak±set²ti. Ten±ha “paramattha½ kathent±pi sammuti½ amuñcitv±va kathent²”ti. Saccameva avipar²tameva kathenti.

Sammut²ti samaññ±. Paramo uttamo atthoti paramattho, dhamm±na½ yath±bh³tasabh±vo. Ta½ paramattha½, sammuti pana lokassa saªketamattasiddh±. Yadi eva½ katha½ sammutikath±ya saccat±ti ±ha “lokasammutik±raºan”ti lokasamañña½ niss±ya pavattanato. Lokasamaññ±ya hi abhinivesana½ vin± paññ±pan± ekaccassa sutassa s±van± viya, na mus± anatikkamitabbato tass±. Ten±ha bhagav± “janapadanirutti½ n±bhiniveseyya, samañña½ n±tidh±veyy±”ti. Dhamm±na½ sabh±vadhamm±na½. Bh³talakkhaºa½ bh±vassa lakkhaºa½ d²pent²ti katv±.

Terasacetan±bhedanti aµµhak±m±vacarakusalacetan±pañcar³p±vacarakusalacetan±bheda½. Attano sant±nassa punanato pujjabhavaphalassa abhisaªkharaºato puññ±bhisaªkh±ra½. Kammapuññen±ti kammabh³tena. Vip±kapuññen±ti vip±kasaªkh±tena. Puññaphalampi hi uttarapadalopena “puññan”ti vuccati “evamida½ puñña½ pava¹¹hat²”ti-±d²su viya. “Apuññ³paga½ hoti viññ±ºan”ti ida½ “puññ³paga½ hoti viññ±ºan”ti ettha vuttanayamev±ti na uddhata½. Apuññaphala½ uttarapadalopena “apuññan”ti vuccati. Saªkh±ranti saªkh±rassa gahitatt± “avijj±gatoyan”ti imin± saªkh±rassa paccayo gahito, “puññ³paga½ hoti viññ±ºan”ti-±din± paccayuppanna½ viññ±ºa½. Tasmiñca gahite n±mar³p±di sabba½ gahitameva hoti. Ten±ha “dv±dasapadiko paccay±k±ro gahitova hot²”ti.

Vijj±ti arahattamaggañ±ºa½ ukkaµµhaniddesena. Tass± hi upp±d± sabbaso avijj± pah²n± hoti. Paµhamamev±ti ida½ avijj±pah±navijjupp±d±na½ sam±nak±lat±dassana½. Ten±ha “yath± pan±”ti-±di. Pad²pujjalen±ti pad²pujjalanahetun± saheva. Vijjupp±d±ti vijjupp±dahetu, eva½ sat²pi samak±latteti adhipp±yo. Na gaºh±t²ti “eta½ mam±”ti-±din± na gaºh±ti. Na taºh±yati na bh±yati taºh±vuttino abh±v±, tato eva bhayavatthuno ca abh±v±.

Gilitv± pariniµµh±petv±ti gilitv± viya aññassa avisaya½ viya karaºena pariniµµh±petv±. S±misasukhassa anekadukkh±nubandhabh±vato, sukh±bhinandassa dukkhahetubh±vato ca sukha½ abhinandantoyeva dukkha½ abhinandati n±ma aggisant±pasukha½ icchanto dh³madukkh±nuññ±to viya. Dukkha½ patv± sukha½ patthanatoti ettha dubbalagahaºik±dayo nidassanabh±vena veditabb±. Te hi y±va s±yanhasamay±pi abhutv± s±yam±s±d²ni karonto jighacch±di½ upp±detv± bhuñjan±d²ni karonti. Sukhassa vipariº±madukkhato sukha½ abhinandanto dukkha½ abhinandati n±m±ti yojan±. Keci pana dukkhassa abh±vato vipariº±masukhato ta½ sukha½ abhinandanto dukkha½ abhinandat²ti vadanti. Ta½ na, na hi t±disa½ sukhanimitta½ koci dukkha½ abhinandanto diµµho, dukkhahetu½ pana s±misa½ sukha½ abhinandanto diµµho. Dukkhahetu½ s±misa½ sukha½ abhinandanto atthato dukkha½ abhinandati n±m±ti vuttov±yamattho. K±yoti pañcadv±rak±yo, so pariyanto avas±na½ etass±ti k±yapariyantika½. Ten±ha “y±va pañcadv±rak±yo pavattati, t±va pavattan”ti. J²vitapariyantikanti etth±pi eseva nayo.

Pacch± uppajjitv± paµhama½ nirujjhat²ti ekasmi½ attabh±ve manodv±rikavedan±to pacch± uppajjitv± tato paµhama½ nirujjhati, tato eva siddhamattha½ sar³peneva dassetu½ “manodv±rikavedan± paµhama½ uppajjitv± pacch± nirujjhat²”ti vutta½. Id±ni tameva saªkhepena vutta½ vivaritu½ “s± h²”ti-±dim±ha. Y±va tetti½savass±pi paµhamavayo. Paºº±savassak±leti paµhamavayato y±va paññ±savassak±l±, t±va µhit± hot²ti vu¹¹hih±niyo anupagantv± sar³peneva µhit± hoti. Mand±ti muduk± atikhiº±. Tad±ti as²tinavutivassak±le. Tath± ciraparivitakkepi. Bhagg± nittej± bhaggavibhagg± dubbal±. Hadayakoµi½yev±ti cakkh±divatth³su avattetv± tesa½ kh²ºatt± koµibh³ta½ hadayavatthu½yeva. Y±va es± vedan± vattati.

V±piy±ti mah±ta¼±kena. Pañca-udakamaggasampannanti pañcahi udakassa pavisananikkhamanamaggehi yutta½. Tato tato vissandam±na½ sabbaso puººatt±.

Paµhama½ deve vassanteti-±di upam±sa½sandana½. Ima½ vedana½ sandh±y±ti ima½ yath±vutta½ pariyos±nappatta½ manodv±rikavedana½ sandh±ya.

K±yassa bhed±ti attabh±vassa vin±sato. “Uddha½ j²vitapariy±d±n±”ti p±¼i, aµµhakath±ya½ pana j²vitapariy±d±n± uddhanti paduddh±ro kato. Paralokavasena agantv±. Vedan±na½ s²tibh±vo n±ma saªkh±radarathapari¼±habh±vo, so pan±ya½ appavattivasen±ti ±ha “pavatti…pe… bhavissant²”ti. Dh±tusar²r±n²ti aµµhikaªkalasaªkh±tadh±tusar²r±ni. Sar²rekadese hi sar²rasamaññ±.

Kumbhak±rap±k±ti kumbhak±rap±kato. Ettha paccat²ti p±ko, pacanaµµh±na½. Tadeva p±canavasena ±vasanti etth±ti ±v±so, tasm± kumbhak±r±v±sato. Avigatav³pasama½ saªkharita½ kumbha½ uddharitv± µhapento ch±rik±ya sati pidh±navasena µhapeti. Tath± µhapana½ pana sandh±ya vutta½ “paµisisseyy±”ti. Kumbhassa padesabh³tat±ya ±baddh± avayav± “kumbhakap±l±n²”ti adhippet±ni, na chinnabhinn±ni. Avayavamukhena hi samud±yo vutto. Tattha kap±lasamud±yo hi ghaµo. Ten±ha “mukhavaµµiy± ekabaddh±n²”ti. Avasisseyyunti vaººavisesa-uºhabh±v±pagat± ghaµak±r±neva tiµµheyyunti. ¾ditta…pe… tayo bhav± daµµhabb± ek±dasahi agg²hi ±dittabh±vato. Yath± kumbhak±ro kumbhak±r±v±sa½ ±ditta½ paccavekkhati, eva½ ±raddhavipassakopesa bhavattaya½ r±g±d²hi ±dittanti ±ha “kumbhak±ro viya yog±vacaro”ti. N²haraºadaº¹ako viya arahattamaggañ±ºa½ bhavattayap±kato n²haraºato. Samo bh³mibh±go viya nibb±natala½ sabbavisam± nivattanato.

“¾d±nanikkhepanato, vayovuddhatthaªgamato, ±h±ramayato, utumayato, cittasamuµµh±nato, kammajato, dhammat±r³pato”ti (visuddhi. 2.706) imehi sattahi ±k±rehi sammasanto r³pasattaka½ vipassati n±ma. “Kal±pato, yamakato, khaºikato, paµip±µito, diµµhi-uggh±µanato, m±nasamuggh±µato, nikantipariy±d±nato”ti (visuddhi. 2.717) imehi sattahi ±k±rehi sammasanto ar³pasattaka½ vipassati n±ma, tasm± yath±vutta½ ima½ r³pasattaka½ ar³pasattakañca n²haritv± vipassantassa. Yadipi arahato attabh±vo sabbabhavehipi uddhaµo, y±va pana anup±disesaparinibb±na½ na p±puº±ti, t±va tasmimpi sugatibhave µhitoyev±ti vattabbata½ labbhat²ti “cat³hi ap±yehi attabh±va½ uddharitv±”icceva vutta½. Ten±ha “kh²º±savo pan±”ti-±di. Tath± ca vakkhati “anup±dises±ya nibb±nadh±tuy± parinibbutassa vaµµav³pasamo veditabbo”ti. Na parinibb±ti anup±dises±ya nibb±nadh±tuy±ti adhipp±yo, sa-up±dises±ya pana nibb±nadh±tuy± parinibb±na½ arahattappattiyeva. Abhisaªkh±rahetuto hettha pari¼±hav³pasamassa upasamabh±vena adhippetatt± uºhakumbhanibb±nanidassanampi na virujjhati. Anup±dinnakasar²r±n²ti utusamuµµh±nikar³pakal±pe vadanti. Bhikkhaveti ettha iti-saddo ±di-attho. Ida½ pana vacana½. Anuyog±ropanatthanti k±yapariyantika½ vedana½ vedayam±no kh²º±savo api nu puññ±bhisaªkh±r±dikamma½ kareyy±ti pañha½ k±tu½. Atha v± anuyog±ropanatthanti “api nu kho kh²º±savo bhikkhu puññ±bhisaªkh±ra½ v± abhisaªkhareyy±”ti-±din± anuyoga½ ±ropetu½ vutta½, na t±va yath±raddhadesana½ niµµh±petunti attho.

Paµisandhiviññ±ºe siddhe tasmi½ bhave uppajjan±rah±na½ viññ±º±na½ siy± sambhavo, n±sat²ti vutta½ “viññ±ºa½ paññ±yeth±ti paµisandhiviññ±ºa½ paññ±yeth±”ti. Sabbaso saªkh±resu asantesu paµisandhiviññ±ºa½ api nu kho paññ±yeyya. Tasmiñhi apaññ±yam±ne sabba½ viññ±ºa½ na paññ±yeyya. Ther±nanti “bhikkhave”ti ±lapitatther±na½ Pañhaby±karaºa½ sampaha½sati tassa sabbaññutaññ±ºena sa½sandanato. Appaññ±ºanti appaññ±yana½. ¾di-saddena viññ±ºe asati n±mar³passa appaññ±ºanti evam±di½ saªgaºh±ti. Sanniµµh±nasaªkh±tanti saddahan±k±rena pavattasanniµµh±nasaªkh±ta½. Adhimokkhanti nicchay±k±ravimokkha½ saddh±vimokkhañca. Ten±ha p±¼iya½ “saddahatha meta½, bhikkhave”ti. Saddh±sahitañhi nicchay±k±ravimokkha½ sandh±y±ha “sanniµµh±nasaªkh±ta½ adhimokkhan”ti. Antoti pariyanto. Parito chijjati etth±ti paricchedo.

Pariv²ma½sanasuttavaººan± niµµhit±.