Vayadhamm±ti aniccalakkhaºamukhena dukkh±nattalakkhaºampi saªkh±r±na½ vibh±veti “yadanicca½ ta½ dukkha½, ya½ dukkha½ tadanatt±”ti (sa½. ni. 3.15; paµi. ma. 2.10) vacanato. Lakkhaºattayavibh±vananayeneva ca tad±rammaºa½ vipassana½ dassento sabbatitthiy±na½ avisayabh³ta½ buddh±veºika½ catusaccakammaµµh±n±dhiµµh±na½ avipar²ta½ nibb±nag±minippaµipada½ pak±set²ti daµµhabba½. Id±ni tattha samm±paµipattiya½ niyojeti “appam±dena samp±deth±”ti. Atha v± “vayadhamm± saªkh±r±”ti etena saªkhepena sa½vejetv± “appam±dena samp±deth±”ti saªkhepeneva niravasesa½ samm±paµipatti½ dasseti. Appam±dapadañhi sikkh±ttayasaªgahita½ kevalaparipuººa½ s±sana½ pariy±diyitv± tiµµhat²ti.

Paµhamasaªg²tiya½ asaªg²ta½ saªg²tikkhandhakakath±vatthuppakaraº±di. Keci pana “subhasuttampi (d². ni. 1.444) paµhamasaªg²tiya½ asaªg²tan”ti vadanti, ta½ pana na yujjati. Paµhamasaªg²tito puretarameva hi ±yasmat± ±nandena jetavane viharantena subhassa m±ºavassa bh±sitanti.

Da¼hikammasithil²karaºappayojan± yath±kkama½ pakatis±vajjapaººattis±vajjesu sikkh±padesu. Ten±ti vividhanayatt±din±. Etanti vividhavisesanayatt±ti g±th±vacana½. Etass±ti vinayassa.

Attatthaparatth±dibhedeti yo ta½ sutta½ sajjh±yati, suº±ti, v±ceti, cinteti, deseti ca, suttena saªgahito s²l±di-attho tass±pi hoti, tena parassa s±dhetabbato parass±pi hot²ti, tadubhaya½ ta½ sutta½ s³ceti d²peti. Tath± diµµhadhammikasampar±yika½ lokiyalokuttarañc±ti evam±dibhede atthe ±di-saddena saªgaºh±ti. Attha-saddo c±ya½ hitapariy±yavacana½, na bh±sitatthavacana½, yadi siy±, sutta½ attanopi bh±sitattha½ s³ceti, parass±p²ti ayamattho vutto siy±. Suttena ca yo attho pak±sito so tasseva hot²ti, na tena parattho s³cito hoti, tena s³cetabbassa paratthassa nivattetabbassa abh±v± atthagahaºañca na kattabba½. Attatthaparatthavinimmuttassa bh±sitatthassa abh±v± ±diggahaºañca na kattabba½. Tasm± yath±vuttassa hitapariy±yassa atthassa sutte asambhavato suttadh±rassa puggalassa vasena attatthaparatth± vutt±.

Atha v± sutta½ anapekkhitv± ye attatth±dayo atthappabhed± vutt± “na haññadatthatthipasa½sal±bh±”ti etassa padassa niddese (mah±ni. 63; c³¼ani. 85) “attattho, parattho, ubhayattho, diµµhadhammiko attho, sampar±yiko attho, utt±no attho, gambh²ro attho, g³¼ho attho, paµicchanno attho, neyyo attho, n²to attho, anavajjo attho, nikkileso attho, vod±no attho, paramattho”ti te sutta½ s³cet²ti attho. Imasmi½ atthavikappe attha-saddo bh±sitatthapariy±yopi hoti. Ettha hi purimak± pañca atthappabhed± hitapariy±y±, tato pare cha bh±sitatthabhed±, pacchimak± pana ubhayasabh±v±. Tattha duradhigamat±ya vibh±vane aladdhag±dho gambh²ro. Na vivaµo g³¼ho. M³ludak±dayo viya pa½sun± akkharasannives±din± tirohito paµicchanno Niddh±retv± ñ±petabbo neyyo. Yath±rutavasena veditabbo n²to. Anavajjanikkilesavod±n± pariy±yavasena vutt±, kusalavip±kakiriy±dhammavasena v±. Paramattho nibb±na½, dhamm±na½ avipar²tasabh±vo eva v±. Atha v± “attan± ca appiccho hot²”ti attattha½, “appicch±kathañca paresa½ katt± hot²”ti parattha½ s³ceti. Eva½ “attan± ca p±º±tip±t± paµivirato hot²”ti-±di (a. ni. 4.99, 265) sutt±ni yojetabb±ni. Vinay±bhidhammehi ca visesetv± sutta-saddassa attho vattabbo. Tasm± veneyyajjh±sayavasappavatt±ya desan±ya attahitaparahitat±d²ni s±tisaya½ pak±sit±ni hoti tapparabh±vato, na ±º±dhammasabh±vavasappavatt±y±ti idameva ca “atth±na½ s³canato suttan”ti vutta½.

Sutte ca ±º±dhammasabh±v± ca veneyyajjh±saya½ anuvattanti, na vinay±bhidhammesu viya veneyyajjh±sayo ±º±dhammasabh±ve. Tasm± veneyy±na½ ekantahitapaµil±bhasa½vattanik± suttantadesan± hot²ti “suvutt± cetth±”ti-±di vutta½. Pasavat²ti phalati. “Sutt±º±”ti etassa attha½ pak±setu½ “suµµhu ca ne t±yat²”ti vutta½. Attatth±dividh±nesu ca suttassa pam±ºabh±vo, attatth±d²nañca saªg±hakatta½ yojetabba½ tadatthappak±sanapadh±natt± suttassa. Vinay±bhidhammehi visesanañca yojetabba½. Etanti “atth±na½ s³canato”ti-±dika½ atthavacana½. Etass±ti suttassa.

Abhikkamant²ti ettha abhi-saddo kamanakiriy±ya vuddhibh±va½ atirekata½ d²peti, abhiññ±t± abhilakkhit±ti ettha ñ±ºalakkhaºakiriy±na½ sup±kaµat±visesa½, abhikkanten±ti ettha kantiy± adhikatta½ visiµµhatanti yutta½ kiriy±visesakatt± upasaggassa. Abhir±j± abhivinayeti pana p³jitaparicchinnesu r±javinayesu abhi-saddo pavattat²ti kathameta½ yujjeyy±ti P³janaparicchedanakiriy±d²panato, t±hi ca kiriy±hi r±javinay±na½ yuttatt±. Ettha hi atim±l±d²su ati-saddo viya, abhi-saddo yath± saha s±dhanena kiriya½ vadat²ti abhir±ja-abhivinaya-sadd± siddh±, eva½ abhidhammasadde abhi-saddo saha s±dhanena vu¹¹hiy±dikiriya½ d²pet²ti ayamattho dassitoti daµµhabbo.

Bh±van±pharaºavu¹¹h²hi vu¹¹himantopi dhamm± vutt±. ¾rammaº±d²h²ti ±rammaºasampayuttakammadv±rapaµipad±d²hi. Avisiµµhanti aññamaññavisiµµhesu vinayasutt±bhidhammesu avisiµµha½ sam±na½. Ta½ piµakasaddanti attho. Yath±vutten±ti “eva½ duvidhatthen±”ti-±din± vuttappak±rena.

Kathetabb±na½ atth±na½ desak±yattena ±º±dividhin± atisajjana½ pabodhana½ desan±. S±sitabbapuggalagatena yath±par±dh±dis±sitabbabh±vena anus±sana½ vinayana½ s±sana½. Kathetabbassa sa½var±sa½var±dino atthassa kathana½ vacanapaµibaddhat±karaºa½ kath±. Kath²yati v± etth±ti kath±. Sa½var±sa½varassa kath± sa½var±sa½varakath±. Esa nayo itaresupi. Bheda-saddo visu½ visu½ yojetabbo “desan±bheda½ s±sanabheda½ kath±bhedañca yath±raha½ parid²paye”ti. Bhedanti ca n±nattanti attho. Sikkh± ca pah±n±ni ca gambh²rabh±vo ca sikkh±ppah±nagambh²rabh±va½, tañca parid²paye. Ettha yath±ti up±rambhanissaraºadhammakosarakkhaºahetupariy±puºana½ suppaµipatti duppaµipatt²ti etehi pak±rehi. ¾ºa½ paºetu½ arahat²ti ±º±raho samm±sambuddhatt±. Voh±raparamatth±nampi sabbh±vato ±ha ±º±b±hullatoti. Ito paresupi eseva nayo. Pacur±par±dh± seyyasak±dayo. Ajjh±sayo ±sayova atthato diµµhi, ñ±ºañca. Vuttañceta½–

“Sassatucchedadiµµhi ca, khanti cev±nulomike;
yath±bh³tañca ya½ ñ±ºa½, eta½ ±sayasadditan”ti. (Visuddhi. µ². 1.136).

Anusay± k±mar±gabhavar±gadiµµhipaµighavicikicch±m±n±vijj±vasena satta an±gat± kiles±, at²t± paccuppann± ca tatheva vuccanti. Na hi k±labhedena dhamm±na½ sabh±vabhedo atth²ti. Cariy±ti cha m³lacariy±, antarabhedena anekavidh±, sa½saggavasena tesaµµhi honti. Te pana amhehi asammohantaradh±nasuttaµ²k±ya½ vibh±gato dassit±, atthikehi tato gahetabb±. Atha v± cariy±ti carita½, ta½ sucaritaduccaritavasena duvidha½. Adhimutti n±ma satt±na½ pubbaparicayavasena abhiruci, s± duvidh± h²napaº²tabhedena. Ghanavinibbhog±bh±vato diµµhim±nataºh±vasena “aha½ mam±”ti saññino. Mahanto sa½varo asa½varo. Buddhi-attho hi aya’mak±ro yath± “asekkh± dhamm±”ti (dha. sa. 11).

T²supi cetesu ete dhammatthadesan± paµivedh±ti ettha tanti-attho tantidesan± tanti-atthapaµivedho ca tantivisay± hont²ti vinayapiµak±d²na½ atthadesan±paµivedh±dh±rabh±vo yutto, piµak±ni pana tanti yev±ti tesa½ dhamm±dh±rabh±vo katha½ yujjeyy±ti? Tantisamud±yassa avayavatantiy± ±dh±rabh±vato. Avayavassa hi samud±yo ±dh±rabh±vena vuccati, yath±– “rukkhe s±kh±”ti. Dhamm±d²nañca dukkhog±habh±vato tehi vinay±dayo gambh²r±ti vinay±d²nañca catubbidho gambh²rabh±vo vutto. Tasm± dhamm±dayo eva dukkhog±hatt± gambh²r±, na vinay±dayoti na codetabbameta½ samukhena, visayavisay²mukhena ca vinay±d²na½yeva gambh²rabh±vassa vuttatt±. Dhammo hi vinay±dayo, tesa½ visayo attho, dhammatthavisay± ca desan±paµivedhoti. Tattha paµivedhassa dukkarabh±vato dhammatth±na½, desan±ñ±ºassa dukkarabh±vato desan±ya ca dukkhog±habh±vo veditabbo, paµivedhassa pana upp±detu½ asakkuºeyyatt±, tabbisayañ±ºuppattiy± ca dukkarabh±vato dukkhog±hat± veditabb±.

“Hetumhi ñ±ºa½ dhammapaµisambhid±”ti etena vacanena dhammassa hetubh±vo katha½ ñ±tabboti? “Dhammapaµisambhid±”ti etassa sam±sapadassa avayavapadattha½ dassentena “hetumhi ñ±ºan”ti vuttatt±. “Dhamme paµisambhid±”ti ettha hi “dhamme”ti etassa attha½ dassentena “hetumh²”ti vutta½, “paµisambhid±”ti etassa ca attha½ dassentena “ñ±ºan”ti. Tasm± hetudhamma-sadd± ekatth±, ñ±ºapaµisambhid±-sadd± c±ti imamattha½ vadantena s±dhito dhammassa hetubh±vo, atthassa hetuphalabh±vo ca evameva daµµhabbo.

Yath±dhammanti cettha dhamma-saddo hetu½ hetuphalañca sabba½ saªgaºh±ti. Sabh±vav±cako hesa, na pariyattihetubh±vav±cako, tasm± yath±dhammanti yo yo avijj±saªkh±r±didhammo tasmi½ tasminti attho. Dhamm±nur³pa½ v± yath±dhamma½. Desan±pi hi paµivedho viya avipar²tasavisayavibh±vanato dhamm±nur³pa½ pavattati, yato ‘avipar²t±bhil±po’ti vuccati. Dhamm±bhil±poti atthabyañjanako avipar²t±bhil±po, etena “tatra dhammanirutt±bhil±pe ñ±ºa½ niruttipaµisambhid±”ti (vibha. 718) ettha vutta½ sabh±vadhammanirutti½ dasseti, saddasabh±vatt± desan±ya. Tath± hi niruttipaµisambhid±ya paritt±rammaº±dibh±vo paµisambhid±vibhaªgap±¼iya½ (vibha. 749) vutto. Aµµhakath±yañca “ta½ sabh±vanirutti½ sadda½ ±rammaºa½ katv±”ti-±din± (vibha. aµµha. 642) sadd±rammaºat± dassit±. “Imassa atthassa aya½ saddo v±cako”ti vacanavacan²ye vavatthapetv± ta½ta½vacan²ya vibh±vanavasena pavattito hi saddo desan±ti. “Anulom±divasena v± kathanan”ti etena tass± dhammaniruttiy± abhil±pa½ kathana½ tassa vacanassa pavattana½ dasseti. “Adhipp±yo”ti etena “desan±ti paññatt²”ti eta½ vacana½ dhammanirutt±bhil±pa½ sandh±ya vutta½, na tabbinimutta½ paññatti½ sandh±y±ti dasseti.

Nanu ca “dhammo tant²”ti imasmi½ pakkhe dhammassa saddasabh±vatt± dhammadesan±na½ viseso na siy±ti? Na, tesa½ tesa½ atth±na½ bodhakabh±vena ñ±to, uggahaº±divasena ca pubbe vavatth±pito saddappabandho dhammo, pacch± paresa½ avabodhanattha½ pavattito tadatthappak±sako saddo desan±ti. Atha v± yath±vuttasaddasamuµµh±pako cittupp±do desan±, mus±v±d±dayo viya. “Vacanassa pavattanan”ti ca yath±vuttacittupp±davasena yujjati. So hi vacana½ pavatteti, tañca tena pavatt²yati des²yati. “So ca lokiyalokuttaro”ti eva½ vutta½ abhisamaya½ yena pak±rena abhisameti, ya½ abhisameti, yo ca tassa sabh±vo, tehi p±kaµa½ k±tu½ “visayato asammohato ca atth±nur³pa½ dhammes³”ti-±dim±ha. Tattha hi visayato atth±di-anur³pa½ dhamm±d²su avabodho avijj±didhammasaªkh±r±di-atthatadubhayapaññ±pan±rammaºo lokiyo abhisamayo, asammohato atth±di-anur³pa½ dhamm±d²su avabodho nibb±n±rammaºo maggasampayutto yath±vuttadhammatthapaññatt²su sammohaviddha½sano lokuttaro abhisamayoti. Abhisamayato aññampi paµivedhattha½ dassetu½ “tesa½ tesa½ v±”ti-±dim±ha. ‘Paµivedhana½ paµivedho’ti imin± hi vacanatthena abhisamayo, ‘paµivijjh²yat²ti paµivedho’ti imin± ta½ta½r³p±didhamm±na½ avipar²tasabh±vo ca “paµivedho”ti vuccat²ti.

Yath±vuttehi dhamm±d²hi piµak±na½ gambh²rabh±va½ dassetu½ “id±ni yasm± etesu piµakes³”ti-±dim±ha. Yo cetth±ti etesu ta½ta½piµakagatesu dhamm±d²su yo paµivedho, etesu ca piµakesu tesa½ tesa½ dhamm±na½ yo avipar²tasabh±voti yojetabba½. Dukkhog±hat± ca avijj±saªkh±r±d²na½ dhammatth±na½ duppaµivijjhat±ya, tesa½ paññ±panassa dukkarabh±vato ta½desan±ya, paµivedhanasaªkh±tassa paµivedhassa upp±danavisayikaraº±na½ asakkuºeyyatt±, avipar²tasabh±vasaªkh±tassa paµivedhassa duviññeyyat±ya eva veditabb±.

Yanti ya½ pariyattiduggahaºa½ sandh±ya vutta½. Atthanti bh±sitattha½, payojanatthañca. Na upaparikkhant²ti na vic±renti. Na nijjh±na½ khamant²ti nijjh±napañña½ nakkhamanti, nijjh±yitv± paññ±ya disv± rocetv± gahetabb± na hont²ti adhipp±yo. It²ti eva½ et±ya pariyattiy±. V±dappamokkh±nisa½s± attano upari parehi ±ropitav±dassa niggahassa pamokkhappayojan± hutv± dhamma½ pariy±puºanti, v±dappamokkh± v± nind±pamokkh±. Yassa catth±y±ti yassa ca s²l±dip³raºassa anup±d±vimokkhassa v± atth±ya dhamma½ pariy±puºanti ñ±yena pariy±puºant²ti adhipp±yo. Ass±ti assa dhammassa. N±nubhont²ti na vindanti. Tesa½ te dhamm± duggahitatt± up±rambham±nadabbamakkhapal±s±dihetubh±vena d²gharatta½ ahit±ya dukkh±ya sa½vattanti. Bhaº¹±g±re niyutto bhaº¹±g±riko, bhaº¹±g±riko viya bhaº¹±g±riko, dhammaratan±nup±lako. Aññattha½ anapekkhitv± bhaº¹±g±rikasseva sato pariyatti bhaº¹±g±rikapariyatti.

“T±sa½yev±”ti avadh±raºa½ p±puºitabb±na½ cha¼abhiññ±catuppaµisambhid±d²na½ vinaye pabhedavacan±bh±va½ sandh±ya vutta½. Verañjakaº¹e (p±r±. 12) hi tisso vijj±va vibhatt±. Dutiye pana “t±sa½yev±”ti avadh±raºa½ catasso paµisambhid± apekkhitv± kata½, na tisso vijj±. T± hi chasu abhiññ±su antogadh±ti sutte vibhatt± yev±ti.

Duggahita½ gaºh±ti, “tath±ha½ bhagavat± dhamma½ desita½ ±j±n±mi, yath± tadevida½ viññ±ºa½ sandh±vati sa½sarati anaññan”ti-±din± (ma. ni. 1.396). Dhammacintanti dhammasabh±vavic±raºa½, “cittupp±damatteneva d±na½ hoti, sayameva citta½ attano ±rammaºa½ hoti, sabba½ citta½ asabh±vadhamm±rammaºan”ti ca evam±di. Tesanti tesa½ piµak±na½.

Etanti eta½ buddhavacana½. Atth±nulomato anulomiko. Anulomikata½yeva vibh±vetu½ “kasm± pan±”ti-±di vutta½. Ekanik±yamp²ti ekasam³hampi Poºik± cikkhallik± ca khattiy±, tesa½ niv±so poºikanik±yo cikkhallikanik±yo ca.

Navappabhedanti ettha katha½ navappabheda½? Sag±thakañhi sutta½ geyya½, nigg±thakañca sutta½ veyy±karaºa½, tadubhayavinimuttañca sutta½ ud±n±divisesasaññ±rahita½ natthi, ya½ suttaªga½ siy±, maªgalasutt±d²nañca (khu. p±. 5.2; su. ni. 225) suttaªgasaªgaho na siy±, g±th±bh±vato, dhammapad±d²na½ viya, geyyaªgasaªgaho v± siy±, sag±thakatt±, sag±thavaggassa viya, tath± ubhatovibhaªg±d²su sag±thakappades±nanti? Vuccate–

“Suttanti s±maññavidhi, visesavidhayo pare;
sanimitt± niru¼hatt± sahat±ññena n±ññato”. (S±rattha. µ². 1.paµhamamah±saªg²tikath±vaººan±).

Sabbass±pi hi buddhavacanassa suttanti aya½ s±maññavidhi. Tenev±ha ±yasm± mah±kacc±no nettiya½– “navavidhasuttantapariyeµµh²”ti (netti. saªgahav±ra). “Ettaka½ tassa bhagavato sutt±gata½ suttapariy±panna½ (p±ci. 255, 1242), sakav±de pañcasuttasat±n²”ti (dha. sa. aµµha. nid±nakath±; kath±. aµµha. nid±nakath±) evam±di ca etassa atthassa s±dhaka½.

Visesavidhayo pare sanimitt± tadekadesesu geyy±dayo visesavidhayo tena tena nimittena patiµµhit±. Tath± hi geyyassa sag±thakatta½ tabbh±vanimitta½. Lokepi hi sasiloka½ sag±thaka½ (netti. aµµha. 13) cuººiyagantha½ ‘geyyan’ti vadanti. G±th±virahe pana sati puccha½ katv± vissajjanabh±vo veyy±karaºassa tabbh±vanimitta½. Pucch±vissajjanañhi ‘by±karaºan’ti vuccati, by±karaºameva veyy±karaºa½. Eva½ sante sag±thak±d²nampi puccha½ katv± vissajjanavasena pavatt±na½ veyy±karaºabh±vo ±pajjat²ti? N±pajjati, geyy±disaññ±na½ anok±sabh±vato, ‘g±th±virahe sat²’ti visesitatt± ca. Tath± hi dhammapad±d²su kevala½ g±th±bandhesu, sag±thakattepi somanassañ±ºamayikag±th±yuttesu, ‘vuttañhetan’ti-±divacanasambandhesu, abbhutadhammapaµisa½yuttesu ca suttavisesesu yath±kkama½ g±th±-ud±na-itivuttaka-abbhutadhammasaññ± patiµµhit±, tath± satipi g±th±bandhabh±ve bhagavato at²t±su j±t²su cariy±nubh±vappak±sakesu j±takasaññ±, satipi pañh±vissajjanabh±ve, sag±thakatte ca kesuci suttantesu vedassa labh±panato vedallasaññ± patiµµhit±ti eva½ tena tena sag±thakatt±din± nimittena tesu tesu suttavisesesu geyy±disaññ± patiµµhit±ti visesavidhayo suttaªgato pare geyy±dayo. Ya½ panettha geyyaªg±dinimittarahita½, ta½ suttaªga½ visesasaññ±parih±rena s±maññasaññ±ya pavattanatoti. Nanu ca sag±thaka½ sutta½ geyya½, nigg±thaka½ sutta½ veyy±karaºanti suttaªga½ na sambhavat²ti codan± tadavatth± v±ti? Na tadavatth±, sodhitatt±. Sodhitañhi pubbe g±th±virahe sati pucch±vissajjanabh±vo veyy±karaºassa tabbh±vanimittanti.

Yañca vutta½– “g±th±bh±vato maªgalasutt±d²na½ (khu. p±. 5.1, 2, 3) suttaªgasaªgaho na siy±”ti, ta½ na, niru¼hatt±. Niru¼ho hi maªgalasutt±d²na½ suttabh±vo. Na hi t±ni dhammapadabuddhava½s±dayo viya g±th±bh±vena paññ±t±ni, atha kho suttabh±vena. Teneva hi aµµhakath±ya½ “suttan±makan”ti n±maggahaºa½ kata½. Yañca pana vutta½– “sag±thakatt± geyyaªgasaªgaho siy±”ti, tadapi natthi, yasm± sahat±ññena. Saha g±th±h²ti hi sag±thaka½. Sahabh±vo n±ma atthato aññena hoti, na ca maªgalasutt±d²su kath±vinimutto koci suttapadeso atthi, yo ‘saha g±th±h²’ti vucceyya, na ca samud±yo n±ma koci atthi, yadapi vutta½– “ubhatovibhaªg±d²su sag±thakappades±na½ geyyaªgasaªgaho siy±”ti tadapi na, aññato. Aññ± eva hi t± g±th± j±tak±dipariy±pannatt±. Ato na t±hi ubhatovibhaªg±d²na½ geyyaªgabh±voti. Eva½ sutt±d²na½ aªg±na½ aññamaññasaªkar±bh±vo veditabbo.

“Aya½ dhammo…pe… aya½ vinayo, im±ni catur±s²ti dhammakkhandhasahass±n²”ti buddhavacana½ dhammavinay±dibhedena vavatthapetv± saªg±yantena mah±kassapappamukhena vasigaºena anekacchariyap±tubh±vapaµimaº¹it±ya saªg²tiy± imassa d²gh±gamassa paµhamamajjhimabuddhavacan±dibh±vo vavatth±pitoti dasseti, “evameta½ abhedato”ti-±din±.

Nid±nakath±vaººan± niµµhit±.